Papers English

Chapter 1

Preliminary

1.  Background
            English is the international language . By mastering English well , then we will be able to communicate with other nations in the world . In addition , we will be able to add insight and knowledge for the betterment of our nation and our country , because we will be able to read English literature , listening to radio broadcasts abroad , as well as watching the movies the other sciences . Thus , in the end we can master the knowledge - knowledge in all fields .

            In addition to increasing understanding about the international language , to learn the English language at least will be easier for us to get a decent job , or for the provision of our science in the future . By understanding and mastering an international language properly certainly provide excellent benefits for us all .

            To that end , it is necessary to first understand that there are grammatical in English. In addition to facilitate pronunciation , we will also understand how to construct the word to be pronounced so that it becomes a coherent sentence and correct according to his tenses .

Chapter 2

Discussion

2.1 Simple Present tenses
            This tense is used to express something that is permanent , custom or truths . Because often about events in the past the , present, and future , these tenses at least have information specific time .

English sentences generally must have a subject ( s ) and predicate ( p ) as for the use of the object ( o ) only as a complement . therefore all tenses will dipormulasi like it .
The formula :
+ ) Subject + tobe ( is , am , are ) + Mainverb verbI + + ( object ) .
+ ) Subject + verbI + ( s / es ) .
( negative sentence using the word ' not' after the word auxiliary 'do ' or ' does' while interrogative sentence using ' do ' or ' does' at the beginning of the sentence )

Example :
* Azula drinks water ( + )
* Does Azula drink water ? ( ? )
* She does not drink water ( - )

Simple Present Tense is used when :
• It happened to be a general , or
• Happens all the time , or the customs of the past , present and future , or
• It happened not only happening now , or
• Characteristically general truth , that other people will not be able to deny the truth anymore .
Simple Present Tense has a time signal , namely :
- everyday
- everyweeks
- every morning , etc. .


2.2 Present Continuous Tense
            This tense is used to express an action that is really being done at this time . The sentences in these tenses is more often used than at present tenses .
The formula :
subject + to be ( is , am , are ) + verb ( verb1 ) + ing + ( object ) .

This tense is used to describe :
• incident is happening now , or
• The incident will happen in the future
Example :
+ ) She is cooking in the kitchen .
- ) She is not cooking in the kitchen
? ) Is she cooking in the kitchen ?


2.3 Present Perfect Tense
            This tense is used to describe actions that have / had done . But at a time when its influence is still there today .
The formula :
subject + have / has + past participle Verb3 ( Verb Forms to - 3 ) ​​+ ( object ) .

This tense is used to :
• experience
• Changes
• Continuous Situation
Or to show an event that is completed in a short time ( just finished )
Consider the following examples of this sentence :
+ ) They have met me
? ) They have met me ?
- ) They have not met me

Present Perfect Tense has a special signal time , namely :
- so far
up to now
- until now
-already
- never
- ever ( just ask for a sentence )
- not yet
- just
- recently
- since
- for

Consider the following example sentence :
+ ) Wow , she had just made her way to fame .
- ) I have not met you again , since you left me .
? ) Have you ever ridden a mountain bike ?


2.4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense
            This tense is used to describe the actions that have been done and still do to this day .
The formula :
subject + have / has + been + ing verb1 + + ( object ) .

We use this tense to describe :
• One event / activity that just took place
• One action that lasted until now ( at the time of speech still occur )

Consider the following example sentences :
+ ) They have been playing football
- ) They have not been playing football
? ) Have they been playing football ?

2.5 Simple Past Tense
This tense is used to describe actions or events that have occurred in the past the finish and ( it is no longer carried out its activities ) .
Positive Sentences formula :
subject to + Verb Forms - 2 ( verb2 ) .

Negative Sentence formula :
subject + did + not + Verb Forms to - 1 ( verb 1 ) .

Sentence Tanya formula :
Did + subject + Verb Forms to - 1 ( verb 1 ) .

Exception : When the predicate of a sentence is not a verb, then substitute the verb is was ( I, she, he , it ) and were ( we , you , they ) .

Whenever we use Simple Past Tense ? We use this tense to talk about an action that happened in the past .

Consider the following example sentences :
+ ) They were student last year
- ) They were not a student last year
? ) Student they were last year ?

Simple Past Tense also has a special signal time like :
- yesterday
- last night
- last years , etc
- ..... Weeks ago
- ..... Months ago , etc. .

2.6 Past Continuous Tense
Tenses are used to
explain events or actions taking place in the past / in the past .
The formula :
subject + was / were + Verb ( verb 1 ) + ing + ( object ) .
When do we use this tense ?
This tense describes an action or event at a specific time in the past .

Example :
+ ) We were joking .
- ) We were not joking .
? ) Were we joking ?

Past Continuous having time signal , such as :
- all day yesterday
-the whole day yesterday
-all afternoon
-all morning


2.7 Past Perfect Tense
The formula :
Subject + had + Verb Forms to - 3 + ( object ) .
When do we use the Past Perfect Tense ?
This tense expresses action in the past before another action occurs , but it happened in the past .

Consider the following sentence :
+ ) I had listen the radio when you come here
- ) I had not listen the radio when you come here
? ) Had I listen the radio when you come here ?

2.8 Past Perfect Continuous Tense
The formula :
subject + had / have + been + Verb ( verb1 ) + ing + ( object )
Whenever we use the Past Perfect Continuous Tense ?
These use the same tense Past Perfect Tense , but expresses actions longer in the past before another action occurs .

Consider the following sentence :
+ ) She had been helping me when they went to school
- ) She had not been helping me when they went to school
? ) Had she been helping me when they went to school ?

2.9 Question tags

Question tags are the short questions that we put on the end of sentences – particularly in spoken English. There are lots of different question tags but the rules are not difficult to learn.

FUNCTION :

·         To comfirm that something is true or not.

·         To encourage a reply from the person we’re speaking to.

Examples :

1.      In present tense

·         He’s a doctor, isn’t he?

·         You work in a bank, don’t you?

·         You're the new secertary, aren't you?

·         You're not the new secertary, are you?

·         You are Andi's uncle, aren't you?

·         You like orange, don't you?

·         She gives you a flower, doesn't she?

·         I am late, aren't I ?

·         You don’t recognise me, do you?

·         I’m the fastest, aren’t I?

2.      In past tense

·         I said that, didn’t I?

·         No body called on the phone, did they ?

·         A few students spoke English well, didn’t they ?

·         I went to your house yesterday, didn’t I ?

·         You bought a bag two days ago, didn’t you ?

·         They didn’t played foot ball yesterday, did they ?

·         Fajar brought a cat last week, didn’t he ?

·         April ate an apple last night, didn’t she ?

·         Wira wrote a novel two weeks ago, didn’t he ?

·         Vira went to my house, didn’t she ?

3.      In present perfect tense

·         He has written the articles two times, hasn’t he ?

·         He hasn’t any money, has he ?

·         You have prayed dzhur, haven’t you ?

·         Fajar has done his home work, hasn’t he ?

·         Wira has eaten, hasn’t he ?

·         April has gone to bali, hasn’t she ?

·         They haven’t played volley ball, have they ?

·         She hasn’t killed the chiken, has she ?

·         Dodi has seen the doctor, hasn’t he ?

·         Ronaldo hasn’t kicked the ball, has he ?

4.      For modals

·         Fajar will play football, won’t he ?

·         April can speak English well, can’t she ?

·         Wira should give this book, shouldn’t he ?

·         They will be a doctor next year, won’t they ?

·         She will have gone to jakarta before friday, won’t she ?

·         Jokowi can’t go to Bali, can he ?

·         Ahok won’t play, will he ?

·         He shouldn’t take this bag, should he ?

·         Ms Vira will go to my house, won’t she ?

·         I can do it, can’t I ?

5.      In special rules

·         Let’s go for a walk, shall we ?

·         Let’s sing together, shall we ?

·         I’m attractive, aren’t I ?

·         Let’s visit umar tonight, shall we ?

·         Let’s go to the beach, shall we ?

2.10 Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice

Active voice is  the most commonly used in many languages and represents the "normal" case, in which the subject of the verb is the agent.

In the active voice the subject of sentence performs the action or causes the happening denoted by the verb.

Formula :

S + V + O

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is employed in a clause whose subject expresses the theme or patient of the verb. That is, it undergoes an action or has its state changed.

In the passive voice the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the doer) of the action denoted by the verb.

Examples :

·         Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. (active)
At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry. (passive)

·         Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah. (active)
The savannah is roamed by beautiful giraffes. (passive)

·         The wedding planner is making all the reservations. (active)
All the reservations will be made by the wedding planner. (passive)

·         Susan will bake two dozen cupcakes for the bake sale. (active)
For the bake sale, two dozen cookies will be baked by Susan. (passive)

·         The science class viewed the comet. (active)
The comet was viewed by the science class. (passive)

·         The two kings are signing the treaty. (active)
The treaty is being signed by the two kings. (passive)

·         The cleaning crew vacuums and dusts the office every night. (active)
Every night the office is vacuumed and dusted by the cleaning crew. (passive)

·         Who taught you to ski? (active)
By whom were you taught to ski? (passive)

·         The choir really enjoys that piece. (active)
That piece is really enjoyed by the choir. (passive)

·         The teacher always answers the students’ questions. (active)
The students’ questions are always answered by the teacher. (passive)

Formula :

Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier